Email this article (Login required)
Email the author (Login required) 
The Impact of Pruning Intensities and Non-Nutrient Ameliorants on Brazilian Spinach Growth in Floating Cultivation System
Abstract
Brazilian spinach is a highly nutritious leafy vegetable containing vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. This study assesses the impact of pruning intensities and non-nutrient ameliorants on Brazilian spinach growth in a floating cultivation system. The research follows a factorial randomized block design, with pruning intensity as the first factor and non-nutrient ameliorant as the second factor. Pruning intensity was categorized as light, moderate, and heavy, while the non-nutrient ameliorant included control, fine sand, rice-husk biochar, and fine sand + rice-husk biochar. The results show that moderate and heavy pruning effectively improved the response to NPK fertilization. Moderate pruning is proven to trigger the canopy area, especially starting 2 to 4 weeks after pruning. The Brazilian spinach canopy area demonstrated exponential growth and positively correlated with canopy diameter. The photosynthesis distribution in branch and shoot on moderate pruning was higher than heavy pruning, as indicated by dry weight. Moderate pruning produced a higher marketable yield than other pruning intensities. Regarding non-nutrient ameliorants, there are similarities in SPAD value, canopy area, index, dry weight, and yield. Therefore, moderate pruning is an effective practice to improve the growth and yield of Brazilian spinach, while the selected non-nutrient ameliorants have no impact.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abiya, A. A., Kupesa, D. M., Beesigamukama, D., Kassie, M., Mureithi, D., Thairu, D., Wesonga, J., Tanga, C. M., & Niassy, S. (2022). Agronomic Performance of Kale (Brassica oleracea) and Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris) Grown on Soil Amended with Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer under Wonder Multistorey Gardening System. Agronomy, 12(9), 2211. DOI
Adnan, S., Ullah, K., & Ahmed, R. (2020). Variability in meteorological parameters and their impact on evapotranspiration in a humid zone of Pakistan. Meteorological Applications, 27(1), e1859. DOI
Ahmad, H., Yeasmin, S., Rahul, Sk., Mahbuba, S., & Jamal Uddin, A. F. M. (2017). Influence of sucker pruning and old leaves removal on growth and yield of cherry tomato. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 12(02), 1048-1053. DOI
Alam, M. A., Alias, S. B., Gobilik, J., Mijin, S. B., & Khandaker, M. M. (2022). Moringa oleifera Seed Treated Sanitized Water Effect on Growth and Morpho-physiology of Commonly Consumed Vegetables of Malaysia. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(1), 158-172. DOI
Alghamdi, A. G., Al-Omran, A., Alkhasha, A., & Alharbi, A. R. (2022). Impacts of Biochar on Hydro-Physical Properties of Sandy Soil under Different Irrigation Regimes for Enhanced Tomato Growth. Agronomy, 12(8), 1762. DOI
Atmaca, S., & Ulger, S. (2021). The Effects of Different Planting Densities and Pruning Methods on Changes of Endogenous Hormone Levels in Shoot Tips and Flowering in'Gemlik'Olive Cultivar. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 63(2), 201–207. DOI
Carter, S., Shackley, S., Sohi, S., Suy, T. B., & Haefele, S. (2013). The impact of biochar application on soil properties and plant growth of pot grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cabbage (Brassica chinensis). Agronomy, 3(2), 404-418. DOI
Chen, Z., Sun, S., Zhu, Z., Jiang, H., & Zhang, X. (2019). Assessing the effects of plant density and plastic film mulch on maize evaporation and transpiration using dual crop coefficient approach. Agricultural Water Management, 225, 105765. DOI
Costa, L., Ampatzidis, Y., Rohla, C., Maness, N., Cheary, B., & Zhang, L. (2021). Measuring pecan nut growth utilizing machine vision and deep learning for the better understanding of the fruit growth curve. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 181, 105964. DOI
du Toit, E. S., Sithole, J., & Vorster, J. (2020). Pruning intensity influences growth, flower and fruit development of Moringa oleifera Lam. under sub-optimal growing conditions in Gauteng, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 129, 448-456. DOI
Easlon, H. M., & Bloom, A. J. (2014). Easy Leaf Area: Automated digital image analysis for rapid and accurate measurement of leaf area. Applications in Plant Sciences, 2(7), 1400033. DOI
Fasil, M., Surendran, U. P., Gopinath, G., Karimbanakkuzhi, A., & Sahadevan, A. S. (2022). Integration of GIS, remote sensing, and spectral indices for evaluation of forest canopy density model in drought and wet years in Western Ghats region of humid tropical Kerala, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(12), 1143. DOI
Flores-Ramírez, E., Abel, S., & Nehls, T. (2018). Water retention characteristics of coarse porous materials to construct purpose-designed plant growing media. Soil science and Plant Nutrition, 64(2), 181-189. DOI
Go, S. H., Lee, D. H., Na, S. I., & Park, J. H. (2022). Analysis of Growth Characteristics of Kimchi Cabbage Using Drone-Based Cabbage Surface Model Image. Agriculture, 12(2), 216. DOI
Gonzalez-Dugo, V., Testi, L., Villalobos, F. J., López-Bernal, A., Orgaz, F., Zarco-Tejada, P. J., & Fereres, E. (2020). Empirical validation of the relationship between the crop water stress index and relative transpiration in almond trees. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 292-293, 108128. DOI
Gustiar, F., Lakitan, B., Budianta, D., & Negara, Z. P. (2023). Non-Destructive model for estimating leaf area and growth of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius cultivated using different stem diameter of the semi hardwood cuttings. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(2), 188-198. DOI
Hou, M., Tian, F., Zhang, T., & Huang, M. (2019). Evaluation of canopy temperature depression, transpiration, and canopy greenness in relation to yield of soybean at reproductive stage based on remote sensing imagery. Agricultural Water Management, 222, 182-192. DOI
Hulin, C., & Mercury, L. (2019). Capillarity-driven supersolubility in dual-porosity systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 252, 144-158. DOI
Ikram, E. H. K., Nasir, W. D. N. W. M., & Ikram, N. K. K. (2022). Antioxidant activity and total phenolics content of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) and spinach cultivar in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 18(Supp8), 221–229. PDF
Japakumar, J., Abdullah, R., & Mohd Rosli, N. S. (2021). Effects of biochar and compost applications on soil properties and growth performance of Amaranthus sp. grown at urban community garden. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, 43(3), 441-453. DOI
Jaya, K. K., Lakitan, B., & Bernas, S. M. 2021. Responses of leaf celery to floating culture system with different depths of water-substrate interface and NPK-fertilizer application. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology, 18(12), 19823. DOI
Ji, R., Shi, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., & Min, J. (2020). Nondestructive estimation of bok choy nitrogen status with an active canopy sensor in comparison to a chlorophyll meter. Pedosphere, 30(6), 769–777. DOI
Kathiresan, K., Narendran, R., Kalidasan, K., & Dinesh, P. (2019). Pruning of shoot branches: An efficient technique for stimulating the mangrove growth (Rhizophora mucronata). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 17, 309-312. DOI
Kumar, V., Jain, K. K., Kumar, S., & Kumhar, B. L. (2018). Impact of different pruning of Dalbergia sissoo and different date of planting of turmeric on growth and yield. International Journal of Forestry and Crop Improvement, 9(1), 29-32. DOI
Lakitan, B., Kartika, K., Widuri, L. I., Siaga, E., & Fadilah, L. N. (2021). Lesser-known ethnic leafy vegetables Talinum paniculatum grown at tropical ecosystem: Morphological traits and nondestructive estimation of total leaf area per branch. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(10), 4487-4496. DOI
Lakitan, B., Susilawati, S., Wijaya, A., Ria, R. P., & Muda, S. A. (2023). Leaf Blade Growth and Development in Red, Pink, and Yellow Petiole Cultivars of the Swiss Chards Grown in Floating Culture System. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(1), 157-164. DOI
Li, B., Huang, W., Elsgaard, L., Yang, B., Li, Z., Yang, H., & Lu, Y. (2020). Optimal biochar amendment rate reduced the yield-scaled N2O emissions from Ultisols in an intensive vegetable field in South China. Science of the Total Environment, 723, 138161. DOI
Mendoza-Tafolla, R. O., Juarez-Lopez, P., Ontiveros-Capurata, R. E., Sandoval-Villa, M., Alia-Tejacal, I., & Alejo-Santiago, G. (2019). Estimating nitrogen and chlorophyll status of romaine lettuce using SPAD and at LEAF readings. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(3), 751-756. DOI
Mota, L. H. S. O., Fernandes, A. M., Assunção, N. S., & Leite, H. M. (2020). Leaf area development and yield of cassava in response to pruning of shoots and the late supply of nitrogen and potassium. Agronomy Journal, 112(2), 1406-1422. DOI
Muda, S. A., Lakitan, B., Wijaya, A., & Susilawati. (2023). Influence of growing systems and non-fertilizer ameliorants on microclimate and growth of Brazilian spinach. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 53, e75742. DOI
Rodríguez-Vila, A., Atuah, L., Abubakari, A. H., Atorqui, D. W., Abdul-Karim, A., Coole, S., Hammond, J., Robinson, S., & Sizmur, T. (2022). Effect of biochar on micronutrient availability and uptake into leafy greens in two urban tropical soils with contrasting soil pH. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 821397. DOI
Setiawati, W., Muharam, A., Hasyim, A., Prabaningrum, L., Moekasan, T. K., Murtiningsih, R., Lukman, L., & Mejaya, M. J. (2022). Growth, and yield characteristics as well as pests and diseases susceptibility of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under different plant densities and pruning levels. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 20(1), 543-553. DOI
Sharma, D. P., & Singh, N. (2018). Effect of rejuvenation pruning on the growth, productivity and disease incidence in declining trees of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Kandhari Kabuli. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(1), 358-362. DOI
Shomana, T., Botha, D.E. & Agachi, P.S. (2020). The water retention properties of biochar derived from broiler poultry litter as applied to the Botswana soil. DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy, 1(1), 67-72. DOI
Susanto, S., Melati, M., & Aziz, S. A. (2019). Pruning to improve flowering and fruiting of ‘Crystal’guava. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, 41(1), 48-54. DOI
Thakur, O., Kumar, V., & Singh, J. (2018). A review on advances in pruning to vegetable crops. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(2), 3556-3565. DOI
Xu, Y., Liu, X., Shi, Q., Cheng, F., Zhang, L., Shao, C., & Gong, B. (2020). Pruning length of lateral branches affects tomato growth and yields in relation to auxin-cytokinin crosstalt. Plant Growth Regulation, 92(1), 1-13. DOI
DOI: http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v46i2.4219
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
