Determination of Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Antioxidant Activities and GC-MS Analysis of Clinacanthus nutans (Acanthaceae) in Different Locations

Noor Zafirah Ismail, Hasni Arsad, Mohammed Razip Samian, Mohammad Razak Hamdan

Abstract


Clinacanthus nutans is an essential medicinal plant that had been used in various local remedies to treat many illnesses. A study had been conducted to determine the phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant activities and phytochemical compounds of C. nutans in different locations. C. nutans were harvested from eight locations and the leaves were extracted with 80 % methanol by maceration process. Then, the phytochemical screening using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), 2,2 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay method, total phenolic content by Folin Ciocalteu’s assay method and total flavonoid content by aluminium chloride (AlCl3) were carried out. The C. nutans extracts showed higher antioxidant activities than phenolic and flavonoid content. The neutral pH sandy clay soil from location KKK (Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia) had higher antioxidant activities (58.0 %), phenolic (44.1 mg GA.100 g-1) and flavonoid content (30.8 mg QE.100 g-1) compared to other locations. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of phytochemicals constituents of 20 compounds. The results revealed that environmental factors (light intensity, temperature and soil characteristics) of eight locations were responsible for variations of phenolic, flavonoids, antioxidants and GC-MS analysis in C. nutans. The findings of this study will provide baseline data for future breeding programs for commercial cultivation.

Keywords


antioxidant; C. nutans; environment; flavonoid; phenolic; phytochemistry

Full Text:

PDF

References


Akbarian, A., Rahimmalek, M., & Sabzalian, M. R. (2017). Variation in fruit morphological traits and bioactive compounds in different populations of Ferula assa-foetida, F. gummosa, and F. ovina collected from Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 19(2), 425–438. Retrieved from http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16370.html website

Blicharski, T., & Oniszczuk, A. (2017). Extraction methods for the isolation of isoflavonoids from plant material. Open Chemistry, 15(1), 34–45. crossref

Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H. Z. E., & Rahmat, A. (2015). Phytochemical constituents and biological activities of different extracts of Strobilanthes crispus (L.) Bremek leaves grown in different locations of Malaysia. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15, 422. crossref

Gilani, S. A., Fujii, Y., Kikuchi, A., Shinwari, Z. K., & Watanabe, K. N. (2011). Ecological consequences, genetic and chemical variations in fragmented populations of a medicinal plant, Justicia adhatoda and implications for its conservation. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(SPEC. ISSUE), 29–37. Retrieved from http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/43(SI)/06.pdf PDF

Ibrahim, M. H., Jaafar, H. Z. E., Karimi, E., & Ghasemzadeh, A. (2012). Primary, secondary metabolites, photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant activity of the Malaysian Herb Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth) exposed to potassium fertilization under greenhouse conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(11), 15321–15342. crossref

Ismail, N. Z., Arsad, H., Samian, M. R., Ab. Majid, A. H., & Hamdan, M. R. (2016). Evaluation of genetic diversity of Clinacanthus nutans (Acanthaceaea) using RAPD, ISSR and RAMP markers. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 22(4), 523-534. crossref

Krishnamoorthy, K., & Subramaniam, P. (2014). Phytochemical profiling of leaf, stem, and tuber Parts of Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi using GC-MS. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014, 1-13. crossref

Kumar, S., & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 1–16. crossref

Moustafa, M. F., Hesham, A. E. L., Quraishi, M. S., & Alrumman, S. A. (2016). Variations in genetic and chemical constituents of Ziziphus spina-christi L. populations grown at various altitudinal zonation up to 2227 m height. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 14(2), 349–362. crossref

Munene, R., Changamu, E., Korir, N., & Joseph, G.-O. (2017). Effects of different nitrogen forms on growth, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in amaranth species. Tropical Plant Research, 4(1), 81-89. crossref

Odchimar, N. M. O., Nuñeza, O. M., Uy, M. M., & Senarath, W. T. P. S. K. (2016). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and GC-MS analysis of the root of Kawilan (EmbeliaphilippinensisA. DC.). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 5(5), 42-47. Retrieved from http://bepls.com/beplsapril2016/7a.pdf PDF

Raya, K. B., Ahmad, S. H., Farhana, S. F., Mohammad, M., Tajidin, N. E., & Parvez, A. (2015). Changes in phytochemical contents in different parts of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) lindau due to storage duration. Bragantia, 74(4), 445–452. crossref

Sakdarat, S., Shuyprom, A., Pientong, C., Ekalaksananan, T., & Thongchai, S. (2009). Bioactive constituents from the leaves of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 17(5), 1857–1860. crossref

Salusu, H. D., Ariani, F., Obeth, E., Rayment, M., Budiarso, E., Kusuma, I. W., & Arung, E. T. (2017). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of selekop (Lepisanthes amoena) fruit. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 39(2), 214–218. crossref

Sampaio, B. L., Edrada-ebel, R., & Batista Da Costa, F. (2016). Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants. Scientific Reports, 6, 1–11. crossref

Shim, S. Y., Aziana, I., & Khoo, B. Y. (2013). Perspective and insight on Clinacanthus nutans Lindau in traditional medicine. International Journal of Integrative Biology, 14(1), 7–9. Retrieved from http://ijib.classicrus.com/trns/4603181501723249.pdf PDF

Sulaiman, I. S. C., Basri, M., Chan, K. W., Ashari, S. E., Masoumi, H. R. F., & Ismail, M. (2015). In vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic and phytochemical studies of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaf extract. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 9(34), 861–874. crossref

Tasioula-Margari, M., & Tsabolatidou, E. (2015). Extraction, separation, and identification of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. Antioxidants, 4(3), 548-562. crossref

Tayyab, M., & Shahwar, D. (2015). GCMS analysis of Cannabis sativa L. from four different areas of Pakistan. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 5(3), 114–125. crossref

Valifard, M., Mohsenzadeh, S., Kholdebarin, B., & Rowshan, V. (2014). Effects of salt stress on volatile compounds, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Salvia mirzayanii. South African Journal of Botany, 93, 92–97. crossref

Yudiyanto, Rizali, A., Munif, A., Setiadi, D., & Qayim, I. (2014). Environmental factors affecting productivity of two indonesian varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 36(3), 278-284. crossref




DOI: http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v39i3.1076

Copyright (c) 2017 Noor Zafirah Ismail, Mohammad Razak Hamdan, Mohammed Razip Samian, Hasni Arsad

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.